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Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values is a psychological theory proposed by Shalom H. Schwartz, a prominent psychologist. It suggests that there are ten basic human values that form a universal framework for understanding the motivations behind human behavior. These values are organized in a circular structure, with each value having a specific relationship with adjacent values. The ten values are:
- Self-Direction: Valuing independence, creativity, and freedom of thought and action.
- Stimulation: Seeking excitement, novelty, and variety in life.
- Hedonism: Pursuing pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.
- Achievement: Striving for personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
- Power: Seeking control or dominance over people and resources.
- Security: Valuing safety, harmony, and stability in life.
- Conformity: Following norms and traditions while avoiding upsetting or offending others.
- Tradition: Respecting and adhering to cultural or religious customs and beliefs.
- Benevolence: Valuing the welfare and well-being of others, and acting with kindness and empathy.
- Universalism: Promoting understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and nature.
According to Schwartz, these values are cross-culturally universal, meaning they are present in varying degrees in all societies, though the importance of each value may differ depending on cultural context and individual differences. The theory provides a framework for understanding the underlying motivations and priorities that guide human behavior across different cultures and contexts.